Archaeology Methods: Field Research

The following is taken directly from the Nova Scotia Museum's Archaeology Web Page. Please visit this site for a more complete look at Nova Scotia's archaeology. Archaeological field research projects can be divided into four broad categories. Each project type can have different objectives and can employ diverse methods. In Nova Scotia, a separate Heritage Research Permit is applied to each level of research. The four general categories are Reconnaissance, Survey, Excavation and Impact Assessment. A brief outline of each category is presented below.

	Reconnaissance
	Archaeological reconnaissance is an examination of an area to locate archaeological resources using methods that do not include disturbance of below surface deposits, but may involve limited surface collection. This method often involves a foot survey of a target area to record known and potential archaeological site locations. If archaeological sites are found in the study area, the locations are mapped for resource management purposes and possible further research.

	Systematic Survey
	Systematic survey consists of a detailed examination of an area for the purpose of recording the location and significance of archaeological resources. The survey focus may be on surface evidence, include limited below ground test excavations, or be conducted underwater. Based on a predetermined sampling strategy, survey archaeologists use small test pits dug by shovel or trowel to determine the location, age and extent of a site. The location of each site found is plotted on a plan known as a basemap.

	Excavation
	Archaeological excavation is a field research project carried out for the purpose of systematically recovering, through controlled excavation techniques, detailed information on known archaeological resources. This procedure often involves the excavation of large areas to maximize data recovery. A detailed scale plan is produced to provide a graphic record of the site. To maintain vertical and horizontal control during the course of a dig archaeologists first establish a site datum. This is a fixed reference point from which measurements are taken. A grid system is then set up to provide further control. The grid system is a series of square or rectangular excavation units laid over a site with stakes and string. The precise location of each artifact and site feature is measured and recorded.

	Resource Impact Assessment
	A resource impact assessment is an archaeological survey for resources within an area proposed for development such as highway or bridge construction sites. The purpose of this type of research is to eliminate or lessen impacts that will disturb or destroy archaeological resources. As these resources are non-renewable this type of project is an important and growing facet of archaeology in Nova Scotia.

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